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Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. Identification. Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). The Acholi of Uganda. Wright, A. C. A. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. M.A. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). ." Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they more. (p. 34). last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. Certain rwodi and The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. Industrial Arts. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Identification. Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit "Acholi The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. 1679-1914." Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. Location. Encyclopedia.com. Apoko, Anna (1967). Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. Identification. Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. Figure 5. In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. 30. However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." against the central government. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. [1994], p. 80). Social Organization. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. 26). identity is rather disputed. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. Malandra, Alfred (1939). The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. 23 Feb. 2023 . 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Orientation Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Dwyer, John O. development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. Religion of the Central Luo. The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. of as dialects of Acholi. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion (1988). In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. 1544957. Orientation The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration Politics has been around for millennia. . The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. southern parts of the country. Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. jok ). southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. - CORE cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. before. p. 41). Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Anywa Adhola Jur Alur There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who Arts. Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. Social Control. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. //